29‭ ‬June‭ ‬1915:‭ ‬The death of Jeremiah O’Donovan Rossa,‭ ‬Fenian,‭ ‬on this day in New York City.‭ ‬He was born at Roscarbery County Cork in‭ ‬1831‭ ‬to a family of tenant farmers.‭ ‬As a young man he kept a shop in Skibereen but became increasingly involved in revolutionary politics.‭ ‬He joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood on its foundation and was soon arrested by the British.‭  ‬In‭ ‬1865,‭ ‬he was charged with plotting a Fenian rising,‭ ‬put on trial for high treason and sentenced to penal servitude for life due to his previous convictions. He spent five years in English jails in very harsh conditions.‭ ‬In‭ ‬1869‭ ‬he was elected an MP but his victory was annulled as he was considered a‭ ‘‬Felon‭’‬.‭ ‬In‭ ‬1870‭ ‬he was released on condition that he went into Exile and he sailed for New York with a group of fellow exiles that were dubbed the‭ ‘‬Cuba Five‭’ ‬after the boat they left in.

Once in New York he helped to organise clandestine operations against British rule and was the main instigator of the‭ ‘‬Dynamite Campaign‭’ – ‬a series of bombings in England designed to force Britain to relinquish her hold on Ireland.‭ ‬However he was allowed to return home in‭ ‬1894‭ ‬and in‭ ‬1904‭ ‬on brief visits.‭ ‬In later years he suffered from ill health and was confined to a hospital on Staten Island.‭ ‬He died there in‭ ‬1915‭ ‬and his remains were returned home for burial.‭ ‬His graveside was the occasion of Padraig Pearse’s famous oration on the power of the Fenian dead.‭ ‬On his immediate hearing of his death Pearse recorded the following:‭

O'Donovan Rossa was not the greatest man of the Fenian generation,‭ ‬but he was its most typical man.‭ ‬He was the man that to the masses of his countrymen then and since stood most starkly and plainly for the Fenian idea‭…
No man,‭ ‬no government,‭ ‬could either break or bend him.‭ ‬Literally‭ ‬he was incapable of compromise.‭ ‬He could not even parley with compromisers.‭ ‬Nay,‭ ‬he could not act,‭ ‬even for the furtherance of objects held in common,‭ ‬with those who did not hold and avow all his objects‭…
Enough to know that the valiant soldier of Ireland is dead‭; ‬that the unconquered spirit is free.

28 June 1920: Irish soldiers in India engaged in a Mutiny on this day. Five men from C Company, 1st battalion Connaught Rangers, refused to take orders from their officers, declaring their intent not to serve the King until the British forces left Ireland. They were disturbed by reports reaching them from home that members of the Crown Forces in Ireland were committing atrocities. The news quickly spread amongst the other outposts of the Rangers in the Punjab and rumours were rife that these five men had been summarily executed. This in turn triggered more a serious incident some days later at Solan.

At the barracks there Private James Daly and 70 other Rangers attacked the armoury. However it was successfully defended and Privates Smyth and Sears were shot dead. In total, nearly 400 men had joined the mutiny. 88 men were court martialled in the aftermath, 14 were sentenced to death and the rest given up to 15 years in jail. James Daly was executed on November 2nd 1920. Privates Sears and Smyth were buried at Solan; Daly and John Miranda (who died in prison of harsh treatment) were buried at the Dagshai graveyard. In 1970 the remains of Daly Smith and Sears were returned to Ireland for reburial.

They were repatriated to Ireland by The National Graves Association and given a military funeral with full honours. A special monument in their honour was erected at Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin. [above]

26‭ ‬June‭ ‬1932:‭ ‬The Eucharistic Congress culminated on this day when over one million people attended the Pontifical High Mass in the Phoenix Park,‭ ‬Dublin.‭ ‬The Chief Celebrant was the‭ ‬Papal Legate Cardinal‭ ‬Lorenzo Lauri,‭ ‬personally selected by Pope‭  ‬Pius XI himself.‭ ‬The Holy Father had charged him to:

Go to Ireland in my name and say to the good people assembled there that the Holy Father loves Ireland and sends to Ireland and its inhabitants and visitors not the usual Apostolic blessing but a very special all embracing one.

The arrival of the Cardinal and the holding of the‭ ‬19th Eucharistic Congress in Dublin was seen as a great honour for the Catholics of Ireland.‭ ‬The week long event saw huge displays of religious devotion with crowds of tens of thousands in attendance at various events.‭ ‬The high point of the Eucharistic Congress came on the final Sunday of the week‭’‬s festivities in the form of a massive open air mass in the Phoenix Park. An ornate High Altar flanked with choirs and bands from all over the Catholic world was the main focus of attention.‭ ‬The Cardinal was accompanied by the highest ranks of the Irish Catholic Hierarchy in his fulfilment of his celebration of the Mass.‭ ‬In addition thousands of the Clergy were there to witness and partake in the biggest religious gathering the Country had ever seen.

‭“‬It is‭ ‬12.30.‭ ‬The Bishops are assembling,‭ ‬their purple shining through the green of the trees.‭ ‬They march in hundreds,‭ ‬slowly,‭ ‬pensively,‭ ‬the Bishops of the world,‭ ‬in white and black and red,‭ ‬in cream and gold and brown.‭ ‬They file through the three thousand priests like a coloured thread being drawn through white silk.‭ ‬Then up the crimson carpet,‭ ‬turning right and left to the colonnades of the altar,‭ ‬and there they sit and seen from afar through the white pillars,‭ ‬each group looking like Leonardo da Vinci‭’‬s painting of the Last Supper.‭”

THE IRISH PRESS

The Government of Mr Eamon De Valera and the leading members of the Opposition were in attendance as well as numerous dignitaries from home and abroad.‭ ‬The huge multitude heard Mass broadcast over an extensive PA system,‭ ‬the largest in the world at that time.‭ ‬The event was listened to across the Nation and internationally through the medium of Radio Athlone.‭ ‬Count John McCormack gave a brilliant rendition of the‭ ‬Panis Angelicus ‭(‬Bread of the Angels‭)‬ to the multitude that grew praise from many quarters.‭

The audition was marvellous,‭ ‬whether it was of the full tones of the Cardinal Legate as he spoke the Mass,‭ ‬the tuneful antiphon of the choir,‭ ‬the sharp clamour of the trumpets as they paid homage at the elevation of the Host,‭ ‬or the beautiful voice of John Mc Cormack that came clear and bell like,‭ ‬borne without a tremor over the whole silent space,‭ ‬midway through the Service.‭ ‬It was at that moment of the Elevation of the Host,‭ ‬the supreme point in Catholic ritual,‭ ‬that one fully realised the common mind that swallowed up all individuality in the immense throng.‭ ‬Flung together in their hundreds of thousands,‭ ‬like the sands on the seashore,‭ ‬these people were merely parts of a great organism which was performing a great act of faith,‭ ‬with no more ego in them than the sands themselves.

IRISH TIMES

Prior to the closing ceremony a special blessing by Pope Pius XI broadcasting directly from the Vatican was relayed to the huge congregation.‭ ‬This marked the culmination of a series of events held over the previous four days,‭ ‬which saw scenes of unprecedented devotion by the Catholics of Ireland.‭

The Eucharistic Congress entered Catholic folk memory and remained the greatest public gathering in Ireland until the visit of Pope John Paul II in‭ ‬1979,‭ ‬which also took place in the Phoenix Park.

25‭ ‬June‭ ‬1731:‭ ‬The Dublin Society was founded on this day.‭ ‬The society was originally founded by members of the Dublin Philosophical Society as the‭ '‬Dublin Society for improving Husbandry,‭ ‬Manufactures and other Useful Arts‭'‬.‭ ‬On‭ ‬8‭ ‬July‭ ‬1731‭ ‬-‭ ‬a couple of weeks after initial foundation‭ ‬-‭ ‬the designation‭ '‬and Sciences‭' ‬was added to the end of its name.‭

The aim of the Society's founders was to improve Ireland's economic condition by promoting the development of Agriculture,‭ ‬Arts,‭ ‬Science and Industry.‭ ‬Initially confined to publishing pamphlets on new discoveries and best practice,‭ ‬the Society as a publishing house developed and broadened its remit to include scientific journals and books.‭

It grew out of the‭ ‬18th century desire for agricultural and industrial improvement.‭ ‬Membership reached‭ ‬300‭ ‬by the‭ ‬1740s,‭ ‬with a royal charter being received in‭ ‬1750.‭ ‬The society offered grants‭ (‘‬premiums‭’) ‬for land reclamation,‭ ‬livestock breeding,‭ ‬fisheries,‭ ‬and textiles.‭ ‬The‭ ‘‬Royal‭’ ‬title was added in‭ ‬1820‭ ‬and today the RDS has its HQ at Simmonscourt in Ballsbridge,‭ ‬Dublin where it host hundreds of events throughout the year incl the Horse Show.

Several gentlemen having agreed to meet in the Philosophical Rooms in Trinity College Dublin in order to promote Improvements of all kinds,‭ ‬and Dr.‭ ‬Stephens being desired,‭ ‬took the Chair.‭
It was proposed and unanimously agreed unto,‭ ‬to form a Society,‭ ‬by the name of the Dublin Society,‭ ‬for improving Husbandry,‭ ‬Manufactures,‭ ‬and other useful arts.‭

It was proposed and resolved,‭ ‬that all the present,‭ ‬and all such who should become members of the Society,‭ ‬shall subscribe their names to a Paper,‭ ‬containing their agreement to form a Society for the purposes aforesaid.‭

Ordered that a Committee of all the members present do meet next Thursday.,‭ ‬in the Philosophical Rooms in Trinity College Dublin to consider of a Plan or Rules for the Government of the Society,‭ ‬any three thereof to be a Quorum,‭ ‬and that notice be sent to the members in Town,‭ ‬the day before the time for meeting.‭ ‬The Society adjourned to this day fortnight.

Present:‭ ‬Judge Ward.‭ ‬Dr.‭ ‬Stephens.‭
Sir Th.‭ ‬Molyneux.‭ ‬Dr.‭ ‬Magnaten.‭
Th.‭ ‬Upton,‭ ‬Esq.‭ ‬Dr.‭ [‬John‭] ‬Madden.‭
John Pratt,‭ ‬Esq.‭ ‬Dr.‭ ‬Lehunte.‭
Rich.‭ ‬Warburton,‭ ‬Esq.‭ ‬Mr.‭ ‬Walton.‭
Rev.‭ ‬Dr.‭ ‬Whitecomb.‭ ‬Mr.‭ ‬Prior.‭
Arthur Dobs,‭ ‬Esq.‭ ‬W.‭ ‬Maple.‭
A HISTORY OF THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY‭
‬HENRY F.‭ ‬BERRY

24‭ ‬June‭ ‬1798:‭ ‬The Battle of Castlecomer on this day.‭ ‬The picturesque County Kilkenny town of Castlecomer was burnt to the ground as the Army of the United Irishmen from Wexford clashed with the Crown Forces in the streets of the town.‭ ‬Major General Charles Asgil of the British Army had about‭ ‬1,400‭ ‬men in total to oppose the‭ ‬5,000‭ ‬or so under Father John Murphy.‭ ‬In the wake of the defeat at Vinegar Hill on‭ ‬21‭ ‬June it was decided by the Insurgents to leave County Wexford and advance on Castlecomer where it was hoped the militant colliers there would join them.‭ ‬In the event quite a few did but were of limited fighting value.‭ ‬Asgil himself had advanced from Kilkenny City with about‭ ‬1,000‭ ‬men to relieve the troops defending Castlecomer.‭ ‬He sent ahead some‭ ‬100‭ ‬men to augment the‭ ‬300‭ ‬or so already there.‭ ‬Walter Butler,‭ ‬a local Bigwig and the future‭ ‬18th Earl of Ormonde commanded the garrison within the town.

The Insurgents advanced upon the town in two columns,‭ ‬one under Father Murphy himself and the other under Miles‭ ‬Byrne.‭ ‬They eventually joined forces within the town and drew up plans to assault by storm Castlecomer House that still held out.‭ ‬But the appearance of Asgil’s relief force on the heights outside the town meant that the Wexfordmen had to turn their attention to that quarter.‭ ‬The British General opened up with artillery to cover the retreat of the trapped garrison.‭ ‬Asgil held his ground long enough for his trapped soldiers‭ & ‬supporters in the town to get out and then he marched away.

Early in the morning of the‭ ‬24th the rebel troops diminished by desertion to about‭ ‬8,000‭ ‬descended from the heights and advancing towards Castlecomer defeated a body of about two hundred and fifty men at a place called Coolbawn a mile and a half from that town which they entered with the slaughter of about fifty Loyalists.‭ ‬The town was set on fire‭ – ‬and of this conflagration each party accuses the other.‭ ‬The General arriving at length with his army,‭ ‬fired with his artillery on the streets and houses not knowing that many Loyalists were still in the place who were making a desperate defence to prevent their families and friends from falling into the enemies hands.‭ ‬This firing however determined the rebels to retire from the town about four O'clock in the afternoon,‭ ‬which furnished an opportunity to Protestants there assembled to retreat with the general to Kilkenny,‭ ‬but they were obliged to leave their good s a prey to the enemy who took full possession of the place as soon as the Royal Army retreated.‭

Musgrave’s History of the Rebellion in Ireland,‭ ‬in the Year‭ ‬1798

The forces Loyal to the Crown had a lucky escape as the Loyalists within and the troops without would have been overwhelmed had the relative numbers been known in the Insurgent camp.‭ ‬But an early morning fog and the smoke of the buildings alight within the town along with the firing of the guns masked the weakness of the Loyalist position.‭ ‬In the event Murphy decided that it was no use proceeding into areas where the prospects of revolt were so poor and after a brief foray into County Laois it was decided to return to Wexford and fight it out there.

23 June 1985: The destruction of Air India flight 182 on this day. The plane was flying from Toronto, Canada to Delhi, India via London, England. It was some 120 miles off the south west coast of Ireland at an altitude of 31,000 feet when at 8.13am the plane disappeared off the radar screen of Air Traffic Control at Shannon airport. It had exploded - killing all on board - 329 lives were lost, including 268 Canadian citizens, 27 Britons, and 24 Indians. 80 were children. The majority of the victims were Canadian citizens of Indian ancestry. The bombing of Air India 182 occurred at the same time as the Narita airport bombing. Investigators believe that the two plots were linked, and that the group responsible was aiming for a double bombing. However, the bomb at Narita exploded before it could be loaded onto the plane.

Canadian law enforcement determined that the main suspects in the bombing were members of the Sikh group Babbar Khalsa. The attack is thought to have been a retaliation against India for the operation carried out by the Indian Army Operation Blue Star to flush out several hundred Sikh Militants who were within the premises of the Golden Temple and the surrounding structures ordered by the Prime Minister Indira Ghandi. Though a handful of members were arrested and tried, Inderjit Singh Reyat, a Canadian national, remains the only person legally convicted of involvement in the bombing. Singh pleaded guilty in 2003 to manslaughter. He was sentenced to 15 years in prison for building the bombs that exploded aboard Flight 182 and at Narita.

The subsequent investigation and prosecution lasted almost twenty years and was the most expensive trial in Canadian history, costing nearly130 million Canadian dollars.

131 bodies were recovered from the sea. It was one of the biggest operations in the history of the State to recover the bodies which was undertaken by the Irish Navy.

The L.É. AISLING navy ship, under the command of Lieutenant Commander James Robinson, was one of the first vessels on scene. The RAF and the Royal Navy also helped to recover the bodies and debris from the site which extended over a large area of the sea.

Every year, a remembrance ceremony is held in Cork at the memorial garden and sundial in Ahakista in County Cork [above]

22 June 1921: King George V opened the first session of the Northern Ireland Parliament in Belfast on this day, thus formally dividing Ireland into two political entities.

The genesis of the division lay in the Ulster Unionists opposition to the establishment of a Home Rule Parliament in Ireland. Their campaign against it dated back to 1886 when the British Prime Minister Gladstone had first brought a Bill before the British Parliament for its introduction. The bill was defeated and while it passed the House of Commons in 1893 it fell in the Lords.

However in 1909 the House of Lords had blocked the introduction of the Budget brought in by the Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George. The British Government then brought in legislation to limit the power of the House of Lords to block a Bill passed by the Lower House to two parliamentary sessions and no more. This momentous change meant that sooner or later a new Home Rule Bill was bound to be passed and implemented.

In 1912 the Ulster Unionists organised themselves in para-military formations under an organisation known as the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF). Armed with weapons from Germany and Austria-Hungary they defied British Government attempts to introduce Home Rule for all of Ireland. The outbreak of the Great War stymied a looming Civil War situation and while Home Rule was passed in September 1914 it was suspended for the duration of the War.

With the ending of the Great War the issue of where Ulster stood in relation to the rest of Ireland once again came to the fore. By that stage the Ulster Unionist Council had accepted the concept of Home Rule if the six northern counties of Antrim, Armagh, Derry, Down, Fermanagh and Tyrone were at least temporally excluded from its terms.

With the outbreak of the War of Independence in 1919 and the decline of British power throughout much of the Country the likelihood of a deal being struck between Unionists and Nationalists became more remote.

On this basis the British Government decided to proceed with a plan to put before its Parliament a Bill to partition Ireland into two polities – Northern Ireland & Southern Ireland.

Consequently after the General Election of May 1921 in which unionist candidates won most of the seats in the Six Counties the formation of a northern State centred on Belfast was proceeded with.

It was on this basis that King George V was dispatched to the North to officiate at the opening of Northern Parliament on 22 June 1921 in Belfast’s City Hall

Addressing the members of the Senate and House of Commons from his throne he said:

"For all those who love Ireland, as I do with all my heart, this is a profoundly moving occasion in Irish history. My memories of the Irish people date back to the time when I spent many happy days in Ireland as midshipman. My affection for the Irish people has been deepened by the successive visits since that time, and I have watched with constant sympathy the course of their affairs.

"I could not have allowed myself to give Ireland by deputy alone my earnest prayers and good wishes in the new era which opens with this ceremony, and I have therefore come in person, as the Head of the Empire, to inaugurate this Parliament on Irish soil.

"I inaugurate it with deep-felt hope, and I feel assured that you will do your utmost to make it an instrument of happiness and good government for all parts of the community which you represent.

"This is a great and critical occasion in the history of the Six Counties, but not for the Six Counties alone for every thing which interest them touches Ireland, and everything which touches Ireland finds an echo in the remotest part of the Empire....

21 June 1854: Midshipman Charles Davis Lucas, by an act of outstanding bravery on board HMS Hecla was awarded the first Victoria Cross for his actions on this day. Midshipman Lucas was a native of  County Armagh.  He won the medal during a British Naval Expedition to the Baltic during the ‘Crimean War’. The fleet under Admiral Napier commenced a bombardment of the island fortress of Bomarsund. Three ships were sent forward to undertake the task, led by Captain Hall.

‘At the height of the bombardment, a live shell from an enemy battery landed on Hecla's upper-deck, with its fuse still hissing. All hands were ordered to fling themselves flat on the deck, but Lucas, with what Hall called in a letter to Napier next day 'great coolness and presence of mind', ran forward, picked up the shell and tossed it overboard. It exploded with a tremendous roar before it hit the water. Some minor damage was done to the ship's side and two men were slightly hurt but, thanks to Lucas, nobody was killed or seriously wounded. He was immediately promoted to Acting Lieutenant for his bravery, and the Admiralty later confirmed the promotion on Napier's strongest recommendation.’　
'The VC at Sea' by John Winton.　

The 6-gun steam paddle sloop Hecla was under the direct command of Capitan Hall himself who reported to the Admiral that:

With regard to Mr. Lucas, I have the pleasure to report a remarkable instance of coolness and presence of mind in action, he having taken up, and thrown overboard, a live shell thrown on board the 'Hecla' by the enemy, while the fuse was burning.

Queen Victoria invested Charles Lucas with his Victoria Cross on the 26th June 1857 in Hyde Park, London. Lucas eventually reached the rank of Rear Admiral in the Royal Navy. He died on the 7th August 1914, aged 80, at his home in Great Culverden, Kent, and was buried in St. Lawrence's Churchyard, Mereworth.

20 June 1210: King John of England landed at Crook, near Waterford on this day.

Johannes, grandson of the Empress [Matilda], king of the Saxons, came to Erinn, with a great fleet, in this year

After arriving he commanded a great hosting of the men of Erinn to Ulidia, to apprehend Hugo de Laci,

or to expel him from Erinn, and to capture Carraic-Fergusa.

Hugo left Erinn, and the persons who were defending the

Carraic abandoned it, and came to the king; and the

king put men of his own company into it.

Annals of Loch Cé 1210 AD

Sailing from south Wales he was to remain in Ireland throughout the rest of the summer.

His mission in Ireland was not so much to subdue the Irish Kings who still held power over large swathes of the Country, but instead to bring to heel the more powerful of the Anglo-Norman Lords who defied him. King John was a most unpopular Monarch in England and faced constant trouble with his Lords and Barons who resented his attempts to rule them. A ruthless and devious man he - probably with good reason-  trusted very few of his councillors who advised him.

The main objects of his attention were the De Lacy family, specifically Walter Earl of Meath and Hugh the Earl of Ulster. He believed they could act as a power base for malcontents back in England. Indeed they had backed the struggle of the once powerful Marcher Lord William de Braose against the King. It was to crush this family and punish the De Lacy's for their lack of loyalty that drove him to take a well armed military force to Ireland.

De Braose fled to England when he heard of the King's movements. There he endeavoured to make peace with his master, but failing to do so, he carefully avoided putting himself in his power, and took refuge in France.

John had been to Ireland before in 1185 when his father King Henry II had given him the title 'Lord of Ireland', but John had turned his journey into a Fiasco but upsetting the Irish kings with his youthful folly and the Gaels resented his attitude to them.

After arriving in Waterford he came to Dublin where he was well received and after leaving the capital he advanced into Meath from which Walter de Lacy then fled. King John then met up with King Cathal Crobhderg O'Conner of Connacht near Ardbraccan, Co Meath. King Cathal recognised him as his Lord in return for being re-assured as the recognised & rightful King of Connacht. The two kings then proceeded northwards where they besieged the powerful fortress of Carrigfergus in Ulster which was taken, though Hugh made good his escape.

While in the North he also parlayed with King Aedh O'Neil of Tir Eoghan (Tyrone), whom he wished to secure homage and take hostages from. Keeping his distance, O'Neill made a pretence of wanting to help with the siege and being prepared to offer some kind of agreement to subordinate himself to the English King, but he pleaded for time to consult his advisors. He donated a supply of cattle to feed John's troops. He was though really loath to submit and give over important hostages, incl. his own son, to such a volatile character as King John. The negotiations fizzled out and O'Neill backed off and went home.

Cathal Crovderg was in a weaker position as his kingdom was riven by rivalries which he had to return home to sort out. He had made a promise to hand over his eldest son, Aed O'Conner, to King John. He would then have him conveyed to England as a security against King Cathal remaining in submission. However Cathal's wife would have none of it and the Irish king had to return to King John empty handed. When they next met at Rathwire in County Westmeath, as arranged, but without his son, the King of England was anything but pleased and seems to have forcibly apprehended four of Cathal's sub-kings and royal officers, whom he brought back to England.

Soon after King John left Ireland, arriving back at Fishguard in Wales on 26 August. His Expedition here was overall a success. He had smashed the power of the De Lacy's, secured the city of Limerick, reformed the government of Dublin and the eastern counties and brought even as powerful figure as William Marshal of Leinster, the greatest Knight of the age, to heel.

But his attempts to bring the Kings of Connacht and Tir Eoghan under his thumb both failed, and while not the primary objective of his expedition John's ham fisted attempts only alienated these Irish Kings who rightly did not trust this ruthless man.

A final and horrible chapter to this attempt to punish his opponents was the fate of Maud De Braose and her infant son William de Braose. Captured in Scotland they were conveyed in chains to King John who had them imprisoned in Windsor Castle. They were locked up together but only given food and no water on the first day of their incarceration. Thereafter nothing. When the jailors yanked open the door to their cell 11 days later all that was left was their emaciated corpses.

John died in 1216, probably from dysentery, as he desperately tried to hold his Kingdom together from Revolt. His expedition here was the last by a serving King of England for 184 years until  Richard II, another unloved Monarch, arrived here in the year 1394.

Effigy of King John [above] from his tomb in Worcester Cathedral

18 June 1815: The Battle of Waterloo took place on this day. This great battle was fought out some 10 kilometres south of the Belgic city of Brussels, along the Ridge of Mont St Jean and on the fields to the south and east of it. The French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by the combined armies of the Duke of Wellington of the British & Allied Armies and Marshal Blucher leading the forces of Prussia. It was a battle in which men of many nations participated. Men from England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, the United Provinces (Holland + Belgium), Hanover, Wurttemberg, Prussia and other minor German states fought the forces of France to decide the fate of Europe.

Many soldiers in the British Army were recruited in Ireland though surprisingly few regiments with ‘Irish’ in their title played a part on the day. The Duke of Wellington was born in Dublin and spent much his early life in Ireland, his family hailing from Co Meath. At least three infantry or cavalry brigades were led by Anglo-Irish generals. Commanding the 9th British Infantry Brigade was Major General Sir Denis Pack, a native of County Kilkenny, Major General Sir William Ponsonby (KIA) led the 2nd British (Union) Cavalry Brigade, so-called because it included an English, a Scottish and an Irish regiment . Major General Sir John Ormsby Vandeleur led the 4th British Cavalry Brigade, a light cavalry formation. There were also some five battalion commanders with Irish connections who served in the Waterloo campaign. However it was in the the lower ranks of the British Army that the highest number of men who were either from Ireland or of Irish origin served.

While the British Army had 10 infantry regiments and 4 cavalry ones with ‘Irish’ in their description only three actually saw service in this campaign: 1st Battalion, 27th (Inniskilling) Foot; 6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons and the 18th (King's Irish) Hussars. They all saw heavy action in actual battle, the 27th in particular taking huge casualties while in Square in the front line.

The British Army who fought that day fielded about 28,000 men drawn from England & Wales, Scotland and Ireland. At that time the Irish (Catholic, Protestant & Dissenter) comprised some 38% of the population of these islands. That ratio was well reflected in the ranks of the military force present at Waterloo with the Irish having a strong presence pretty well across the board in all arms Cavalry, Infantry and Artillery. Most of these were poor men, labourers and weavers who found in the Army a relatively secure measure of employment and shelter.

By all accounts the Irish were good fighters but rightly or wrongly were seen as undisciplined off the battlefield. Many were from Catholic households but the Protestant population were represented as best we can judge in numbers that matched their proportion of the Country’s population. The rank and file were seen as the ‘scum of the earth’ by Wellington and probably by most of the Officer Class too. In some respects he was right as many were there because they were outcasts and misfits from civil society or rough men who sought a fighting career. But they could fight and fight well - and that's what they were there to do.

When the battle ended that evening some 7,500 men of the British Army laid dead, dying or severely wounded on the battlefield - some 28% of the force engaged. On a per capita basis that would be around 3,000 or so men from Ireland who fell that day - a heavy enough toll. On the other hand the population of the island was some Six Million souls in 1815 so while a severe loss to those that had family in the Military it would not have been seen as a National cause for grief. Indeed many at home might well have wished for a French Victory that day - Daniel O’Connell being one of them.

There are a number of roads and landmarks in Ireland still that commemorate the battle that day. The most imposing being the Wellington Monument in the Phoenix Park [above] in Dublin that commemorates the Duke of Wellington’s Victories. The halfpenny footbridge over the river Liffey in Dublin City Centre is officially ‘Wellington’ bridge and in the suburbs south of the city are the Wellington and Waterloo roads. In Trim Co Meath where his family hailed from there is also a monument to honour him.

But while still a Hero in Britain his legacy in most of Ireland is less sure given his vehement opposition to Catholic emancipation and his eventual sour acceptance of its political necessity. If Waterloo is remembered at all here its for it marking the end of Napoleon Bonaparte’s career rather than any part that Ireland played in his Downfall.

17‭ ‬June‭ ‬1959:‭ ‬Éamon de Valera was elected President of Ireland on this day.‭ ‬The contest for the highest Office in the Republic was between him and General Sean Mc Eoin from the Fine Gael Party, who had previously ran for the Office in 1945 and had been defeated.‭ He like Dev had been active in the War of Independence but they had taken opposite sides in the Civil War of 1922 -23. ‬The number of people eligible to vote was‭ ‬1,678,450,‭ ‬of which‭ ‬979,628‭ ‬chose to exercise their Franchise.‭ ‬This represented a turnout of‭ ‬58.4‭ ‬%.‭ ‬Of the total numbers of votes cast‭ ‬538,003‭ ‬voted in favour of De Valera and‭ ‬417,536‭ ‬voted for Mc Eoin.‭

‘De Valera won a majority of the vote in every constituency bar the northern Dublin city constituencies, Longford-Westmeath, which Mac Eoin had represented for over ten years, and Cork West, a strong Fine Gael area. As in the previous election, Mac Eoin's best results were in the Longford and surrounding areas, with strong results also where de Valera didn't win majorities in Dublin. De Valera's vote was strongest in Clare, Galway and Donegal - his share reaching 69% in parts of the latter two counties.'

http://irishpoliticalmaps.blogspot.ie/2011/10/irish-presidential-election-1959.html

On the same day was also held a Referendum to abolish Proportional Representation‭ ‬-‭ ‬but here the tide of public opinion swung against Dev and it went down to defeat.‭

The following summary of the principal proposals in the Third Amendment of the Constitution Bill,‭ ‬1958,‭ ‬was circulated for the information of voters:

At present,‭ ‬members of Dáil Éireann are elected on a system of proportional representation for constituencies returning at least three members,‭ ‬each voter having a single transferable vote.

It is proposed in the Bill to abolish the system of proportional representation and to adopt,‭ ‬instead,‭ ‬a system of single-member constituencies,‭ ‬each voter having a single non-‭ ‬transferable vote.‭ ‬It is also proposed in the Bill to set up a Commission for the determination and revision of the constituencies,‭ ‬instead of having this done by the Oireachtas,‭ ‬as at present.

The total number of votes recorded in favour of the proposal contained in the Bill was‭ ‬453,322‭ ‬and the total number of votes recorded against the proposal was‭ ‬486,989.‭ ‬The people did not,‭ ‬therefore,‭ ‬approve the proposal.

Eamon De Valera thus became the third President of Ireland.‭ ‬He was again elected in‭ ‬1966‭ ‬and retired from the post and active politics in‭ ‬1973.‭ ‬He died in‭ ‬1975.

16‭ ‬June‭ ‬1929:‭ ‬'Bloomsday' was first celebrated on this day. In one of the earliest Bloomsday celebrations,‭ ‬Sylvia Beach,‭ ‬publisher of James Joyce's classic novel Ulysses organised a Ulysses lunch with her partner Adrienne Monnier in France in June‭ ‬1929.‭

The first Bloomsday celebrated in Ireland was in‭ ‬1954,‭ ‬the fiftieth anniversary of the first Bloomsday.‭ ‬The eccentric writers Patrick Kavanagh and Flann O’Brien visited locations such as the Martello Tower at Sandycove,‭ ‬Davy Byrne’s pub,‭ ‬and‭ ‬7‭ ‬Eccles Street where the fictional Leopold Bloom lived with his wife Molly.‭ ‬They spent part of their tour reading extracts from Ulysses and drinking a great deal as they went along‭!

"It wasn't until‭ ‬1954,‭ ‬its‭ ‬50th anniversary,‭ ‬that John Ryan,‭ ‬restaurant owner and publisher of the literary periodical Envoy,‭ ‬and his literary friends,‭ ‬novelist Brian O'Nolan and poets Patrick Kavanagh and Anthony Cronin,‭ ‬resurrected Bloomsday in Ireland.‭ ‬There are photos at the National Library in Dublin…of their pilgrimage in two horse-cabs to various locations in Ulysses and several pubs.‭"

Fritzi Horstman

Bloomsday celebrates the day on which the narrative of James Joyce’s novel Ulysses takes place,‭ ‬16‭ ‬June‭ ‬1904,‭ ‬the day on which it is believed that Joyce first went out with his future wife,‭ ‬Nora Barnacle.‭ ‬The day is named after Leopold Bloom,‭ ‬the central character in Ulysses.‭ ‬The novel follows the life and thoughts of Leopold Bloom and Stephen Dedalus (his alter ego)along with a host of other characters‭ – ‬real and fictional‭ – ‬from‭ ‬8‭ ‬am on‭ ‬16‭ ‬June through to the early hours of the following morning. 

An Extract:

As he set foot on O'Connell bridge a puffball of smoke plumed up from the parapet.‭ ‬Brewery barge with export stout.‭ ‬England.‭ ‬Sea air sours it,‭ ‬I heard.‭ ‬Be interesting some day get a pass through Hancock to see the brewery.‭ ‬Regular world in itself.‭ ‬Vats of porter,‭ ‬wonderful.‭ ‬Rats get in too.‭ ‬Drink themselves bloated as big as a collie floating.‭ ‬Dead drunk on the porter.‭ ‬Drink till they puke again like christians.‭ ‬Imagine drinking that‭! ‬Rats:‭ ‬vats.‭ ‬Well of course if we knew all the things.

Episode‭ ‬8‭ – ‘‬Lestrygonians‭’

15 June 1919: The British aviators John Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown made the first non-stop flight across the Atlantic on this day. They flew a modified Vickers Vimy bomber plane from St. John’s Newfoundland to Clifden, Co Galway thus winning the Daily Mail prize of £10,000. The lucrative prize had been up for grabs since 1913 when the Daily Mail first proposed the idea. Their offer ran as follows:

"the aviator who shall first cross the Atlantic in an aeroplane in flight from any point in the United States of America, Canada or Newfoundland and land at any point in Great Britain or Ireland" in 72 continuous hours".

Both men had served as Aviators in the Great War and both had been shot down and captured, Alcock by the Turks and Brown by the Germans. During his captivity Alcock determined that if he survived the War he would go for it. As Fortune had it both men were at a loose end after their release and return home. Alcock approached Vickers with the idea of backing the attempt and teamed up with Brown as his co pilot for the crossing.

Several teams had entered the competition and when Alcock and Brown arrived in St Johns Newfoundland the Handley Page aircraft team were in the final stages of testing their machine for the flight but their leader, Admiral Mark Kerr, was determined not to take off until the plane was in perfect condition. The Vickers team quickly assembled their plane and at around 1:45 p.m. on 14 June, whilst the Handley Page team were conducting yet another test, the Vickers plane took off from Lester's Field.

The flight nearly ended in disaster several times owing to engine trouble, fog, snow and ice. It was only saved by Brown's continual climbing out on the wings to remove ice from the engine air intakes and by Alcock's excellent piloting despite extremely poor visibility at times and even snow filling the open cockpit. The aircraft was badly damaged upon arrival due to the attempt to land in what appeared from the air to be a suitable green field but which turned out to be the bog on Derrygimlagh Moor, near Clifden Co Galway,  but neither of the airmen was hurt.

The news of the adventure spread like wildfire and the two men were received as heroes in London. For their accomplishment, they were presented with Lord Northcliffe's Daily Mail prize of £10,000 by Winston Churchill, who was then Britain's Secretary of State. A few days later, both men were knighted at Buckingham Palace by King George V, for recognition of their pioneering achievement.

Alcock was tragically killed some months later in December 1919 while flying to the Paris Air Show. Brown lived on until 1948.

14‭ ‬June‭ ‬1884:‭ ‬Count John McCormack was born on this day.‭ ‬He is considered the greatest singer Ireland has ever produced.‭ ‬He was the fourth of eleven children born to Hannah and Andrew McCormack,‭ ‬and one of the five to survive childhood.‭ ‬Though his own parents hailed from Scotland his paternal Grandfather was originally from County Sligo.‭ ‬He was educated locally by the Marists in Athlone where his singing abilities were first recognised.‭

I was nine and a slip of a lad and shy.‭ ‬It was in the Marist brothers‭' ‬school on a feast day,‭ ‬when Dr.‭ ‬Woodlock,‭ ‬Bishop of Clonmacnoise,‭ ‬was the guest of honour.‭ ‬I'll not forget the sensation at hearing the words,‭ ‬which Brother Hugh whispered in my ear.‭ ‘‬We want you to sing,‭ ‬John,‭ ‬for Bishop Woodlock‭’‬.‭ ‬With that the good man lifted me upon a table,‭ ‬and left me looking at the gathering‭…

I think they must have liked it.‭ ‬They seemed to.‭ ‬I had no extensive repertoire,‭ ‬but what I knew I knew.‭ ‬And the singing spirit must have been there.‭ ‬Like the man born to be hanged,‭ ‬I possibly was intended to sing

Afterwards he won a Scholarship to study at the Diocesan College in Summerhill County Sligo.‭ ‬He completed his studies there in‭ ‬1902.‭ ‬After considering trying his hand at various lines of work he was offered a position with the Palestrina Choir in Dublin’s Pro Cathedral.‭ ‬Vincent O’Brien,‭ ‬the choir master‭ & ‬organist there,‭ ‬saw the great potential in him and recommended for the position of Tenor with the Choir.‭

He was organist of the Marlborough Street Cathedral,‭ ‬in Dublin‭; ‬a splendid musician,‭ ‬a fine man,‭ ‬and a staunch friend.‭ ‬He had vision and appeared,‭ ‬intuitively,‭ ‬to feel that all I needed was study and opportunity to achieve a goal worthy of serious aspiration.

It was the beginning of a hugely successful career that saw him perform around the World to International acclaim.‭ He was hugely popular in the USA in the 1920s and his fame for shadowed that of singers like Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra and Elvis Presley in the fame he achieved at that time.

‬He is best remembered at home though for his magnificent performance of César Franck's‭ ‬Panis Angelicus to the hundreds of thousands who thronged Dublin's Phoenix Park for the‭ ‬1932‭ ‬Eucharistic Congress. Pope Pius XI made him a Count of the Church in‭ ‬1928.‭ ‬He died in Dublin in‭ ‬1945‭ ‬and is buried in Deans Grange Cemetery Dublin.‭

Sculpture by Elizabeth Kane in Iveagh Gardens, Dublin 2.

13‭ ‬June‭ ‬1798:‭ ‬The Battle of Ballynahinch/Baile na hInse, (town of the isle) was fought on this day.‭ ‬This battle occurred in County Down between the insurgents of the United Irishman under General‭ ‬Henry Munro,‭ ‬who was actually a linen merchant from Lisburn and the forces of Crown under General Nugent.‭ ‬The town had been seized some days previously by local insurgents but on the day before the battle a well-armed force of some‭ ‬2,000‭ ‬military under Nugent entered it and set about upending the place.‭ ‬That evening there was a great deal of skirmishing and much of Ballynahinch was ransacked as the soldiers and Yeomanry engaged in drinking and revelry.‭ ‬The insurgents had established themselves on the hills to the south and east of the town and had in all about‭ ‬5,000‭ ‬men under arms.‭ ‬However most were armed only with pikes and any attempt to meet the Crown Forces in open battle was bound to be a massacre.‭ ‬The superior firepower along with the discipline and cohesion the soldiers was bound to tell against the insurgents if the British Army was to march out the next morning in line of battle.‭

Munro’s officers urged him to launch a night attack upon the town and catch the enemy off guard,‭ ‬as they were audibly not in a coherent state that night anyway to resist a determined assault.‭ ‬But he hesitated to do so as he did not have confidence in his men that they could carry off with any degree of certainty such a risky manoeuvre as a night attack.‭ ‬So the hours of darkness slipped away and with it a substantial number of the men who had gathered under the flag of the United Irishmen.‭ ‬Many of them in turn lacked confidence in Munro’s judgement and his obvious lack of experience.‭ ‬They felt that defeat was all but inevitable if the Crown Forces gained the initiative.‭ ‬It was readily apparent that when Nugent marched his men out the next day that the odds would be stacked against them.‭ ‬Even though the United Irishmen had the numbers the Crown Forces would be able to use their Combined Arms tactics of Infantry,‭ ‬Cavalry and Artillery to devastating effect upon them.

An eyewitness reported:

A mixed and motley multitude met the eye.‭ ‬They wore no uniforms,‭ ‬yet they presented a tolerably decent appearance,‭ ‬being dressed no doubt in their Sunday clothes,‭ ‬some better and some worse.‭ ‬The only thing in which they all concurred was the wearing of the green,‭ ‬almost every individual having a knot of ribbon of that colour,‭ ‬sometimes intermixed with yellow in his hat.

In their arms there was as great a diversity as in their dress.‭ ‬By far the majority of them had pikes,‭ ‬which were truly formidable instruments in close fight,‭ ‬but of no use in distant warfare‭ ‬...‭ ‬others wore swords,‭ ‬generally of the least efficient kind,‭ ‬and some had merely pitchforks.

James Thompson‭

At daylight Munro finally decided to attack and launched his men against the enemy inside the town.‭ ‬Bloody hand to hand fighting ensued and the fortunes of war ebbed and flowed amongst the burning buildings of the town.‭ ‬At one stage it looked like Victory lay within the grasp of the United Irishmen as the Crown Forces fell back.‭ ‬But they eventually rallied and counterattacked and broke the back of the pikemens brave charges upon their positions.‭

In the meantime Nugent had directed other columns to come round in the rear of the hillside camps of his opponents and turn their positions.‭ ‬A detachment from the garrison in Downpatrick had arrived under Colonel Stapelton and circled the town to attack Montalto,‭ ‬a commanding eminence skirted by a thick wood.‭ ‬This was where Munro had established his HQ some days prior to the battle.

These developments unnerved his men and caught between the obvious superiority now being gained by the military within the town and the imminent closing off of any viable avenue of escape.‭ ‬This led to the collapse of their morale and a precipitate retreat away from Ballynahinch by the survivors of the battle.‭ ‬Munro attempted to rally his men on Ednavady Hill outside the town but all he could muster by that stage was a motley force of about‭ ‬150‭ ‬combatants.‭ ‬With the Crown Forces closing in for the kill they decided to make a break for it and scatter,‭ ‬every man for himself.‭ ‬Munro sought refuge nearby and evaded capture for a few days.

‭ ‬But he was taken through betrayal,‭ ‬brought back to Lisburn and tried and executed within a very short period of time.‭ ‬He was hanged almost within view of his own front door and his head was placed upon display in the Market Square.‭ ‬The town of Ballynahinch itself lay in ruins with almost half the houses within it burned out or destroyed in the fighting,‭ ‬looting and pillaging that took place over the course of the battle and its aftermath.‭

This battle to all intents and purposes ended organised resistance in County Down.‭ ‬In the following days and weeks the military spread out across the Countryside,‭ ‬inflicting many atrocities upon those they suspected of being active participants or silent supporters of the Rising.

Painting: Battle of Ballynahinch by Thomas Robinson

12 June 1954: The IRA Raid on Gough Barracks in Armagh on this day. In an audacious raid the Irish Republican Army seized control of a British Army barracks in Armagh and took 19 British soldiers captive while a party looted the Arsenal of its weaponry. This was the biggest raid carried out on the British Army since the War of Independence in 1921.

The barracks had been well staked out in advance with one of the IRA men joining the British Army some months before in order to be placed on duty there. With the information he garnered IRA GHQ were able to build up a comprehensive picture of the mode of operations of life at the base.

The operation was launched on 12 June 1954, from a farm just outside Dundalk. A large red cattle truck had been commandeered at the last moment and 19 IRA men, about half of the Dublin Brigade, climbed in and were informed as to what their target was. It was almost 3 o'clock on a busy Saturday afternoon when the cattle truck and a car drove into Armagh.

After overpowering the single unarmed guard on the gate the raiders then quickly fanned out and located the Arsenal. They had with them a huge bunch of keys (200!)* but finding the right key to the door proved something of a problem. Eventually the right key was found and in the men went to catch the astounded soldiers within completely off guard.

In less than 20 minutes the place was cleared out. The lorry carrying 340 rifles, 50 sten guns, 12 bren guns, and a number of small arms drove out of the barrack gates and back across the Border. The rearguard in a car followed after locking every gate and door for which they could find keys. At 3.25pm the first alarm in the barracks was given but it was not until 5 o'clock that the general alarm was given and by that time the big red truck was long gone....

This operation was a huge morale boost for the IRA after years in the doldrums and considerably raised their profile both at home and abroad. Conversely it was a huge embarrassment for the British Government and especially the British Army who had failed to secure a place of military operations under their charge from capture by enemy forces.

The barracks was closed in April 1960 as the British Army in the North re organised into Brigade Depots as opposed to Regimental ones. It had been the depot for the Royal Irish Fusiliers, Gough Barracks being allocated to that regiment in the 1880s and had been the regimental depot for more than half a century.

* the keys were later auctioned in America to raise funds for the IRA.

 

11‭ ‬June‭ ‬1534:‭ ‬The Revolt of Silken Thomas on this day.‭ ‬Lord Thomas Fitzgerald or‭ ‘‬Silken Thomas‭’ ‬as he was more popularly known,‭ ‬was a young man of just‭ ‬21‭ ‬years of age when he rode through the streets of Dublin with a large band of followers,‭ ‬and entered the Chapter House of St.‭ ‬Mary's Abbey [above] * where the King's Council were awaiting him.‭

Whereupon with his brilliant retinue of seven score horsemen he rode through the streets to St.‭ ‬Mary's Abbey‭; ‬and entering the chamber where the council sat,‭ ‬he openly renounced his allegiance,‭ ‬and proceeded to deliver up the sword and robes of state.

From A Concise History of Ireland by P.‭ ‬W.‭ ‬Joyce

His father was none other than Garret Óg,‭ ‬the Earl of Kildare,‭ ‬the most powerful man in Ireland.‭ ‬In his father’s absence in England to answer charges against his name Lord Thomas had been appointed the King’s Deputy in his place.‭ ‬But false rumours that Henry VIII had executed Garret Óg reached his ears.‭ ‬He concluded,‭ ‬without waiting to check the veracity of this information,‭ ‬that his father was indeed dead.‭ ‬He felt that no time could be lost in staking out his claim to lead the Catholics of Ireland in opposing Henry and his now openly Protestant Court.‭ ‬He that day renounced his stewardship of being the King’s Deputy in Ireland and declared himself no longer bound to King Henry VIII by word or deed.

Henry VIII treated his defiance of Royal Power as an act of open revolt and confined Garret Óg to the Tower of London,‭ ‬where Garret died two months later.‭ ‬After a bloody Revolt that lasted into‭ ‬1535‭ ‬Silken Thomas gave himself up when his forces were defeated and conveyed to London for Trial.‭ ‬He too was placed in the Tower and held in wretched conditions.‭ ‬He wrote home from that place of cold captivity a letter full of pathos:

I never had any money since I came into prison,‭ ‬but a noble,‭ ‬nor I have had neither hosen,‭ ‬doublet,‭ ‬nor shoes,‭ ‬nor shirt but one‭; ‬nor any other garment but a single frieze gown,‭ ‬for a velvet furred with budge‭ [‬i.e.‭ ‬instead of a velvet furred with lambskin fur‭]‬,‭ ‬and so I have gone wolward‭ [‬shirtless‭] ‬and barefoot and barelegged divers times‭ (‬when it hath not been very warm‭); ‬and so I should have done still,‭ ‬but that poor prisoners of their gentleness hath sometimes given me old hosen and shoes and shirts.

P.‭ ‬W.‭ ‬Joyce

The unfortunate Silken Thomas,‭ ‬born into a life of wealth and privilege,‭ ‬eventually was sent to the gallows.‭ ‬He was hanged alongside five of his captured uncles at Tyburn,‭ ‬London in February‭ ‬1537.‭ ‬His epic Revolt marked the start of a series of Wars by the Irish against the growing power of a centralised Monarchy committed to enforcing English Royal Rule and the Protestant Religion in this Country.

* The entrance to the Meeting House is on Meeting House Lane off Marys Abbey in Dublin City Centre. It is all that remains of the great Medieval Monastery that stood on that site for centuries.

10‭ ‬June‭ ‬1688:‭ ‬James Francis Edward Stuart,‭ ‬aka‭ ‘‬King James III of England and VII of Scotland‭’ ‬was born on this day.‭ ‬He was born at St James Palace,‭ ‬London.‭ ‬He was the only legitimate son of James II by his wife Mary of Modena.‭ ‬His birth triggered a Constitutional Crises in these islands as he was baptised a Catholic and stood to inherit his fathers‭’ ‬Realms in due course.‭ ‬Later that year occurred the‭ ‘‬Glorious Revolution‭’ ‬and the deposition and flight of James II to France.‭

‬It was rumoured that the actual infant died at birth and a substitute was surreptitiously brought into the birth chamber inside a Warming Pan.‭ ‬While this is almost certainly a piece of propaganda spread by the enemies of his father such rumours undermined his status in England in particular when he reached maturity.‭ ‬His birth thus triggered a series of actions that led to the‭ ‘‬War of the Two Kings‭’ ‬that was fought upon the soil of Ireland between‭ ‬1689‭ ‬and‭ ‬1691.

On the death of James II in‭ ‬1701‭ ‬he proclaimed himself King James III.‭ ‬He was recognised by the followers of the Stuart Cause as the legitimate successor to his father’s Kingdoms.‭ ‬He was also acknowledged as such by a number of Continental Powers incl. France‭ & ‬Spain.‭ ‬He also had many secret adherents within England,‭ ‬Scotland and Ireland.‭ ‬As a young man he saw action in the War of the Spanish Succession and twice attempted to establish himself upon the Throne.

‭ ‬In‭ ‬1708‭ ‬he was thwarted in a landing upon the coast of Scotland.‭ ‬His best chance came upon the death of Queen Anne in‭ ‬1714‭ ‬when the Crown was vacant and before George of Hanover‭ (‬a Protestant‭) ‬could arrive to take it.‭ ‬But delay proved fatal and James’s Scottish supporters only raised the banner of revolt in late‭ ‬1715.‭ ‬Their attempt,‭ ‬though initially well backed proved a Fiasco.‭ ‬By the time James landed in December support was ebbing away and after a few weeks he was forced to depart for the Continent.‭ ‬He never saw the island of his birth again.‭

Eventually he settled in Rome under the protection of the Papacy where he took up residence at the Palazzo Muti and held a Jacobite Court there with funds provided by the Vatican,‭ ‬the Spanish Monarchy and his supporters.‭ ‬He thereafter lived a long but frustrating life.‭ ‬He married Princess Maria Klementyna Sobieska of‭ ‬Poland in‭ ‬1719‭ ‬and had two sons by her.‭ ‬She however died in‭ ‬1733‭ ‬and he‭ ‬never remarried.‭ ‬He lived long enough to see his son‭ ‘‬Bonnie Prince Charlie‭’ ‬fail in his attempt to overthrow the Hanoverian Dynasty in‭ ‬1745/46.‭ ‬He was known in his years of Exile as the‭ ‘‬Old Pretender‭’ /‬‘‬The Old Chevalier’ to his enemies and‭ ‘‬The King over the Water‭’ ‬to his friends and admirers in these islands.‭ ‬He died in Rome on‭ ‬1‭ ‬January‭ [‬O.S.‭] ‬1766‭ ‬and is buried in St Peters, Rome.

In following such a record of broken hopes and unrelieved failure,‭ ‬the initial sense of disappointment‭ ‬yields gradually to a more temperate compassion.‭ ‬There is an indefinable pathos in the spectacle of this tragedy-‭ king,‭ ‬parading his solemn travesty of sovereignty before an unromantic and imperturbable audience.‭ ‬When it is‭ remembered that he lived to see no less than five sovereigns on the English throne,‭ ‬all of whom he had‭ been taught to regard as usurpers,‭ ‬it may help towards understanding how deeply the iron must have entered‭ into his soul.‭

Macaulay

9 June 597 AD: The Death of Saint Columba (aka 'Colmcille' - Dove of the Church) on the island of Iona off the west coast of Scotland.

Columba was the son of Fedlimid and Eithne of the Cenél Conaill. He was probably born in Gartan, near Lough Gartan, in what is now County Donegal.

The earliest surviving evidence – that from his Vita/Life by Adomnán, written about a century after his death – tells us simply that:

‘the holy Columba was born of noble parents having as his father Fedelmid, Fergus’s son, and his mother, Eithne by name, whose father may be called in Latin "son of a ship''

When sufficiently advanced in letters he entered the monastery of Moville under St. Finnian, then at Clonard, governed at that time by Finnian. Another preceptor of Columba was St. Mobhi, whose monastery was at Glasnevin near Dubhlinn [Dublin]. The pestilence that devastated Ireland in 544 AD caused the dispersion of Mobhi's disciples and Columba returned to the North. However his following years were marked by the foundation of several important monasteries at Kells in the north midlands and at Derry in the North. After political troubles at home for which he was found at fault Columba left Ireland and passed over to the island of Iona in 563 AD. Conall, king of Dál Riata gave him the island to use as his base and there he founded his famous Monastery.

The people of Scottish Dál Riata shared a language, culture and political life with the Dál Riata of Ireland, and with Ireland as a whole. It is virtually certain that they also shared the Christian faith. Colum Cille came, therefore, to a Scottish Dál Riata which had already accepted Christianity. We can assume that he came to a landscape already dotted with churches, where priests and even an occasional bishop already ministered to their people.

What Colum Cille brought to Scottish Dál Riata was not Christianity, therefore, but a monastic community of brothers who would live and work and pray together. It is in this light above all that Adomnán seeks to portray him: as the father of monks, founding, teaching and guiding a community. He also portrays him as a man of power – not the secular power of kings and warlords, which Colum Cille had abandoned in Ireland, but the power of the ascetic, the contemplative. He exercises the divine power that is given to those who have rejected wordly power.

Colmcille: Life in Scotland - St Columba Trail


After spending some years among the Scots of Dál Riata, who were related to the Gaels of north east Ulster, Columba began the great work of his life, the conversion of the Northern Picts. After this the remaining years of Columba's life were mainly spent in preaching the Christian Faith to the inhabitants of the glens and wooded areas of northern Scotland. Of course 'Scotland' as such did not exist then as a separate country and indeed the word Scotland comes from the Roman word for the Gaels of Ireland - Scotii.
Saint Columba was famous for his prophecies and on Iona he lived the life of an ascetic while also engaged in the business of the Church in Scotland.

Adomnán portrays Colum Cille as actively engaged with the kings of Dál Riata in western Scotland– not only obtaining land from them and blessing particular candidates for kingship, but even inaugurating Áedán mac Gabráin as king in the monastery of Iona.

He also kept in contact with Ireland too and he returned home on occasion even though he was formally exiled.Adomnán says he went back to Ireland when he founded the monastery of Dair Mag (Durrow) between 585 and 597. He also got involved in the politics of the North once again . He returned to Ireland for a conference of kings at which were present Áed mac Ainmirech, king of the northern Uí Néill and eventually king of Tara, and Áedán mac Gabráin, king of Dál Riata. Legend has it that having been told never to put his feet on the soil of Ireland again and agreeing to that he returned wearing shoes of sods of turf in order to keep his promise! Adomnán describes Colmcille as using two separate buildings during his daily life - a writing hut and a hut where he slept and ‘where at night instead of straw he had bare rock and stone for a pillow’.

He is also credited with the initiation of a continuous record of Irish History as set down in the Annals- the Iona Chronicle - whose successor scribes recorded the History of Ireland on a year by year basis down to the 17th Century.

His 'Life' - Vita Columbae was written by his distant successor the 9th Abbot of Iona, Saint Adomnán. Columba is said never to have spent an hour without study, prayer, or similar occupations. He is the greatest Saint to have come out of Ireland.

Above: Saint Columba. Stained glass window in Iona Abbey

8 June 1739: John Scott, Earl of Clonmell aka ‘Copper Faced Jack’ was born on this day. Scott was one of the most ambitious and successful men of 18th Century Ireland - and one of the most notorious. His family were of middle income but in early life he befriended one Hugh Carleton and his father helped to finance Scott’s studies at Trinity College Dublin in 1756 and subsequently in Law at the Middle Temple. Admitted to King's Inn in 1765, he was entitled to practice as a Barrister.

In 1769 he was himself elected M.P. for the borough of Mullingar. His ability and determination to rise attracted the attention of the lord chancellor, Lord Lifford, and, at his suggestion, Lord Townshend threw out to him the bait of office. The bait was swallowed with the cynical remark, ‘My lord, you have spoiled a good patriot.’

In December 1774 he became solicitor-general, and in November 1777 he was appointed  attorney-general and a privy councillor.  But his personal feelings did not influence his political opinions, and to his colleague in London he wrote:

‘Send us two men, or one man of ability and spirit; send him with the promise of extension of commerce in his mouth as he enters the harbour, unconnected with this contemptible tail of English opposition, meaning well to the king, to his servants, and to the country, and he will rule us with ease; but if you procrastinate and send us a timid and popular trickster, this kingdom will cost you more than America; it will cost you your existence and ours’

He refused to be badgered into any premature expression of opinion as to the right of England to bind Ireland by acts of parliament, but astounded the house on 4 May 1782 by announcing ‘in the most unqualified, unlimited, and explicit manner … as a lawyer, a faithful servant to the crown, a well-wisher to both countries, and an honest Irishman,’ that Great Britain possessed no such right, and that if the parliament of that kingdom was determined to be the lords of Ireland, ‘he for his part was determined not to be their villain in contributing to it’
Scott, John (1739-1798)
by Robert Dunlop
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Scott,_John_(1739-1798)_(DNB00)

He was dismissed but on the fall of Portland’s government he was soon restored and was more careful to not offend those above him in a Country and an Age when Patronage was everything to advancement. Being very much a careerist his noted stance on a principal was something ‘out of character’ for a man noted to crave the finer things in Life like power, money and social status.

 He was promoted on 10 May 1784 to be Chief Justice of the King's Bench and at the same time raised to the peerage by the title of Baron Earlsfort of Lisson Earl.  The King's Bench was the principal court of criminal jurisdiction and civil jurisdiction, and its Chief Justice was the most senior judge in Ireland after the Lord Chancellor of Ireland.

Probably his most notorious act though was his hounding the editor of the Dublin Evening Post, one John Magee who was being sued by an associate of Scott’s called Francis Higgins aka The Sham Squire. The chief justice, influenced by personal and political motives, caused a capias ad respondendum marked £4,000 to issue against Magee. It was a tyrannical act, but in the state of the law perfectly legal, and would, as Scott intended it should, have utterly ruined Magee had not the matter been brought before parliament by George Ponsonby. The discussion greatly damaged his judicial character.
(Dunlop)

In 1789, he was created 1st Viscount Clonmell, of Clonmel, Co. Tipperary and in 1793 he was created 1st Earl of Clonmell. By the 1790s he had an annual income of £20,000 - a Fortune in those days in Ireland.

John Scott was a very able man but one who made a lot of enemies due to his arrogant and somewhat dictatorial manner. He was a man who took little care of his personal appearance and drank and ate to excess.  Though he does not appear to have been a womaniser. In his diary he made frequent resolutions to mend the manner of his ways but does not seem to have followed them through to any effect. He did not suffer fools gladly however and even thought little of his childhood friend Hugh Carleton. His nickname ‘Copper Face Jack’ came from his very ruddy appearance, especially when he had Drink taken - which was often.

While he had reached the pinnacle of success in chosen career of Law it does not seem have brought him much happiness. In 1797, in the last conversation he would have with his wife's cousin, Valentine Lawless, 2nd Baron Cloncurry, he exclaimed:

 'My dear Val, I have been a fortunate man in life. I am a Chief Justice and an Earl; but, believe me, I would rather be beginning the world as a young (chimney) sweep.'
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scott,_1st_Earl_of_Clonmell

Although his tendency was to make his position subservient to government and his own advancement, he ‘never indulged in attacks on his country,’ and never sought ‘to raise himself by depressing her.’ His reluctance to support the arbitrary measures that marked the course of Earl Camden's administration caused him to lose favour at the castle, and as time went on his opinion was less consulted and considered.  He wrote, in his diary on 13 Feb. 1798, ‘‘I think my best game is to play the invalid and be silent; the government hate me, and are driving things to extremities; the country is disaffected and savage, the parliament corrupt and despised.’
(Dunlop)

He died on the day the Rising broke out 23 May 1798. His subsequent reputation suffered even more damage when his personal diary was published some years later. While not written for public consumption it nevertheless put a further blot on his name as within its pages he vilified even those whom he was considered close to both personally and in Law.

The Legal historian Elrington Ball wrote:
"an extraordinarily able man and an equally ambitious one. As he has revealed to us in his diary he had from the first no misgiving as to the object of his life being personal success, and although he wore out his mind and body in reaching his goal he made it against desperate odds."
Ball, The Judges in Ireland 1221–1921 London 1926

He was married twice and left a son and a daughter by his second marriage. He lived at Clonmel House 17 Harcourt Street Dublin. Today that street houses one of Dublin’s most popular and notorious [?] nightclubs ‘Copper Faced Jacks’.!!!

Portrait above: John Scott, 1st Earl of Clonmell by Gilbert Stuart

7‭ ‬June‭ ‬1925:‭ ‬The death of Matt Talbot on this day.‭ ‬He was a reformed alcoholic who turned from a life consumed by Drink to one of physical hardship and mortification devoted to religious worship.‭ ‬Matt was born into a large family in Dublin City in‭ ‬1856.‭ ‬When he was just‭ ‬12‭ ‬years old he started to drink and became addicted.‭ ‬He tried numerous times to give it up but met with only temporary success.‭ ‬When he was‭ ‬28‭ ‬years old he took the Pledge and kept it until his death‭ ‬41‭ ‬years later.‭ ‬A Priest advised him to follow the ways of the early Monks‭ & ‬Holy Men of Ireland in avoiding the Temptations of the Flesh.‭ ‬He henceforth lived a Life of rigorous Work and Prayer.

He fasted constantly.‭ ‬His breakfast consisted of cocoa prepared the previous evening by his sister,‭ ‬which he often drank cold.‭ ‬With this he ate some dry bread.‭ ‬For his midday meal he had cocoa to which he would add a pinch of tea,‭ ‬and again drank cold.‭ ‬With this he took a slice of bread.‭ ‬His sister would bring him a small evening meal.‭ ‬If she brought fish he would insist that she take it home with her and would make do with bread soaked in the fish juice.

On Sundays he remained in the church for every Mass.‭ ‬Only on returning to his room at about‭ ‬2‭ ‬p.m.‭ ‬would he break his fast for the first time since‭ ‬6.30‭ ‬p.m.‭ ‬the previous day.‭ ‬The remainder of the day was spent in prayer,‭ ‬reading the Scriptures and the lives of the saints.‭ ‬He gave all his money to neighbours in need and to the missions.

‭ ‬Matt Talbot mortified himself rigorously.‭ ‬He slept on a plank bed with a piece of timber for a pillow.‭ ‬This left his face numb in later years.‭ ‬He slept in chains,‭ ‬which he wore for‭ ‬14‭ ‬years before his death,‭ ‬round his leg and on his body.

Reality‭ (‬July/August‭ ‬1999‭)‬,‭ ‬a Redemptorist Publication

He collapsed and died on his way to Mass on Trinity Sunday,‭ ‬7‭ ‬June‭ ‬1925‭ ‬at Granby Row in Dublin’s Inner City.‭ ‬A plaque now marks the spot where he fell.‭ ‬His remains today are located at the Church of Our Lady of Lourdes in Sean McDermott Street.‭ ‬On his coffin is inscribed the following words:

‭'‬The Servant of God,‭ ‬Matthew Talbot.‭'

6 June 1333: The death by murder of William Burke 'the Brown Earl' of Ulster and the Lord of Connacht near Belfast while on his way to Carrickfergus.

The young Earl was only 21 years old. Far from being a callow youth he was already a very able and ruthless man. In November 1332, at Greencastle, near the mouth of Lough Foyle, he had his cousin Sir Walter Liath de Burgh starved to death. In revenge, Sir Walter's sister, Gylle de Burgh, wife of Sir Richard de Mandeville, planned his assassination.

William had feared that his cousin Walter would be a threat to him after his defeat of the O'Connor's in 1330. Clearly a man of some ambition his foul murder of his relation was a bit too much even for that ruthless age.

William Burke, Earl of Ulster, was killed by the English of Ulster. The Englishmen who committed this deed were put to death, in divers ways, by the people of the King of England; some were hanged, others killed, and others torn asunder, in revenge of his death.

Annals of the Four Masters

With his death the whole Anglo-Norman rule in the North began to unravel as the DeBurgo 'clan' fought amongst themselves over the division of the dead Earl's vast holdings. With the collapse of their power the first phase of the Conquest began in 1169 came to an end. From then on until the Reformation the Colony was to be basically on the defensive rather than on the attack against the Gaels of Ireland.

No such blow had yet befallen the Anglo-Irish Colony. The whole De Burgo Lordship, which had reduced the proudest of the Irish to vassalage and had been the shield and rampart of the English interest in the north and the west, fell at one stroke. Released from a yoke which they alone could never have broken, the O'Neills and the O'Donnells were able to subject eastern and southern Ulster on the one hand, and DeBurgo's lordship of Sligo on the other. Within fifty years practically the whole province went back to the Irish order.

A History of Medieval Ireland
Edmund Curtis